Jason Cole: Longwave radiation interactions         Malwer, E. J. , S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,663 - 16,682.

Ken Pelman: Atmospheric boundary layers         Zinn, H. P., and A.D. Kowalski 1995: An efficient PBL model for global circulation models - Design and validation. Boundary Layer Meteor., 75, 25-59.

James Simpas: Aqueous phase chemistry         Sander, R., 1999: Modeling atmospheric chemistry: Interactions between gas phase species and liquid cloud/aerosol particles. Surv. Geophys., 20, 1-31.  

Xuguang Wang: Convective clouds         Zhang, G. J., and N. A. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407-446.

             Zhang and McFarlane 1995
A simplified cumulus parameterization scheme, suitable for use in GCMs, is presented. This parameterization is based on a plume ensemble concept similar to that originally proposed by Arakawa and Schubert (1974). However, it employs three assumptions which significantly simplify the formulation and implementation of the scheme. It is assumed that an ensemble of convective-scale updrafts with associated saturated downdrafts may exist when the atmosphere is locally conditionally unstable in the lower troposphere. However, the updraft ensemble is comprised only of those plumes which are sufficiently buoyant to penetrate through this unstable layer. It is assumed that all such plumes have the same mass flux at the base of the convective layer. The third assumption is that moist convection, which occurs only when there is convective available potential energy (CAPE) for reversible ascent of an undilute parcel from the sub-cloud layer, acts to remove CAPE at an exponential rate with a specified adjustment timescale.

Last Updated: 15 March 2001